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Yes, I did not see the 1841 penny as proof with a less than desirable (or acceptable IMHO) strike. I do confess to getting the 1958 Halfcrown in proof however....LOL

Yes it is possible people just go nuts in auctions when confronted by a bid one increment higher that their max. I am skeptical this is the general state of affairs that explains higher trends in price. From my own introspection, when I have been tempted to bid more than I planned, I would say in retrospect that the process actually better flushed out bids from me that properly reflected the max I would actually pay (rather than hoped to pay). On that theory, I have never bought a coin in an auction for more than just a bit more than someone else actually valued it at that time. (Save for the odd coin I have managed to get with no other bids). My sense is auctions are generally very effective at real price discovery - but with a huge caveat that the market must be liquid (I.e., there must be at least two tangero). This may not be the case for more specialist varieties and wot not. I just picked up 3 modest (but scarce) coins at Noonans that went for a fraction of what I was prepared to pay - my dance partner(s) just failed to show up. Perhaps the music (small silver) was a bit out of fashion? Not that I care.

Rearrange these words to make a sentence: "well their they arses covered have"

Yes, but, as has already been said, I think a determined and unlimited-funds buyer can draw a few up the ladder with him/her. I know that I went a few bids beyond my own good reasoning, and I wasn’t overly desperate (I have a 1567), or can say that I had the money to spend. I believe it can definitely drive the prices up if someone decides they want an amazing Elizabethan collection, and sets out to buy all the nice pieces for a year or two, until perhaps they get bored?

The company L. Chr. Lauer from Nuremberg Already in 1430 the guild of the Rechenpfennig-beaters, later also affectionate Brass scraper or called Dantesmacher, mentioned in the Nuremberg Chronicle. Here is to look for the roots of the "Lauer" company. It is mentioned by name in 1730 Association with the production of "kitsch objects and inexpensive metal objects". In 1790 Ernst Ludwig Sigmund Lauer 1762 -1845 founded one Penny Brawl Workshop. This company was managed by Johann Jakob Lauer from 1790 to 1865 further and in 1847 his son L. Christoph Lauer took over the factory from 1817 to 1873. Circa1850 Ludwig Christian Lauer already had a supremacy in Germany and that in the Time when the "German Guild of Toy Manufacturers" in Europe created the e I have taken a look and all the other companies listed do not really seem to start until at earliest 1850. Lauer stretches back a long way. That is not to say that these numerous spiel markes could not date later than 1850 ( Balmberger) many I have are stamped with Lauers name. Not that I have a lot of them

It obviously does, but the individual with the deep pockets and the determination to obtain, will take those of lesser means with him, part of the way, until they drop out, and he has won. Thus gaining the item, but at a much higher price than if he had been completely unopposed. A "bidding war" - the psychology of which is to suck bidders in to fight for items they wouldn't be so bothered about in more sober reflective moments. It can start with several tangoing, not just two.

1. Game money for board, dice and card games, with stakes and winnings. Coins were included with complex board games. In 1850, for example, the board game was "King of China" already provided with punched brass coins. For second quality games cardboard coins were used, and the players were left with the cheap games left to make up the gains or the losses with peas, buttons or nuts.

I have noticed that other cont counterfeits are selling at much higher prices than I have seen in the last five years ....Pieces of 8 dollars countermarked with prices of £150 plus

I assume that if they are selling fast, then dealers will increase their prices and will be willing to bid higher in auctions.

A few cheap additions, mainly bought for the toning over the grade.